American Podiatric Medical Licensing Examination (APMLE) Part 2 Practice Test

These questions are part of the practice quiz. Start practicing

• In the Stewart classification system, a true Jones fracture is which type of fracture?
• A plantar fibroma is removed. Two months later the three medial digits begin to hyperextend at the metatarsophalangeal joints. A possible cause would be severance of which nerve or muscle?
• An individual can functionally increase limb length by which movement?
• After primary repair of a ruptured anterior tibial tendon, which casting technique is most appropriate?
• Which action would most likely increase the stability of an external fixator as described in the material?
• Which statement about congenital vertical talus is true?
• Which radiographic angle is labeled as the hallux abductus angle on foot radiographs?
• Which of the following statements about the ossification centers of the foot is correct?
• Which diagnosis is most likely for a subcutaneous multinodular mass beneath the flexor surface of the great toe with marginal bone erosion?
• What is the optimal kVp for film imaging of the foot and ankle?
• Pulmonary embolism is most definitively diagnosed by which test?
• Which is the mechanically-based method of preventing postoperative venous thromboembolism after foot surgery?
• Which opioid has a half-life of approximately 6.3 hours?
• In clinical practice, which statement best describes the relationship between TE and TR for a T1-weighted MRI image?
• The Harris-Beath axial view best demonstrates which tarsal coalition?
• Which document would allow a patient who is comatose to determine their own DNR status, if written in advance?
• Below the knee, where are osteoid osteomas most commonly located?
• In long bones, the primary ossification center forms at which location?
• Which cast material is more moldable and often preferred for contouring in pediatric patients?
• The most common adverse reaction to intravenous sedation with morphine is
• The scope of practice of podiatric medicine is primarily determined by which?
• In osteomyelitis, which term refers to a channel that can drain bone infection?
• Chemical exposure in the podiatric laboratory is controlled by which government agency?
• In the United States, the largest share of health care dollars is spent on which age group?
• A 30-year-old male complains of a painful right ankle after sustaining a forced plantarflexion injury. Plantarflexion of the foot and dorsiflexion of the hallux greatly exacerbate the symptoms. What is the most probable diagnosis?
• Initial treatment of heel spur is best described as?
• Which nerve injury is characterized by a temporary conduction block with preserved continuity?
• The most common rupture site for the Achilles tendon is which of the following?
• The average external torsion of the tibia is approximately how many degrees?
• The view that displays the medial and lateral ankle joint spaces is the
• The inversion ankle stress view is also known as which test?
• An ankle-brachial index of 1.34 with a single long swoosh on auscultation suggests which etiology?
• Adductovarus rotation of the fourth and fifth toes is due to which mechanism?
• Which test is used in management of patients on warfarin?
• What is a Cotton osteotomy?
• Which anesthetic is normally administered intravenously?
• Forefoot adduction leads to an increase in which angle?
• Which of the following statements correctly describes cerebral palsy?
• Which radiographic sign is not consistent with congenital convex pes planovalgus?
• The Coleman block test is used to determine the flexibility of which part of the foot?
• Which arch of the foot is the saphenous nerve associated with as noted in the context of foot anesthesia?
• Which statement best describes the purpose of a rocker-bottom shoe in patients with ankle fusion?
• Partial thromboplastin time (PTT) is used to monitor anticoagulation therapy with which agent?
• An os tibiale externum adjacent to the medial navicular with a smooth rounded appearance is most consistent with which type?
• Which study design provides the highest level of clinical evidence for comparing oral terbinafine with oral itraconazole?
• Allergic contact dermatitis mechanism?
• Postanesthesia headache is most likely to occur after which type of anesthesia?
• When using an automated external defibrillator on a patient wearing a medication patch, what should you do with the patch?
• Which muscle is most commonly transferred through the interosseous membrane to function as a dorsiflexor?
• For a minimally displaced fracture of the proximal shaft of the fifth metatarsal, why is a nonweightbearing cast recommended?
• In congenital soleus equinus, which statement describes dorsiflexion?
• What diastolic blood pressure threshold suggests delaying elective surgery due to perioperative risk?
• Diazepam is used in the anesthetic setting to reduce which?
• The advancement of the Achilles tendon more anteriorly toward the posterior aspect of the subtalar joint on the dorsum of the calcaneus is most useful in treating which condition?
• From a plantar approach, the common digital nerve divides into two proper digital nerves which, in relation to the deep transverse metatarsal ligament, are
• A 68-year-old man presents with coldness and numbness of both feet, leg pain on activity relieved by rest, absent dorsalis pedis and posterior tibial pulses, subpapillary venous filling time over 8 seconds in all digits, cool shiny pale skin with lack of digital hair growth. The likely diagnosis is which of the following?
• Which of the following is NOT a risk factor for the development of deep vein thrombophlebitis?
• In a weightbearing lateral view, which aspect of the foot is against the imaging plate?
• After the ingestion of poppy seeds, which metabolic byproduct can cause a false-positive urinary toxicology screen?
• Which step is not part of the McBride bunionectomy?
• In Steindler stripping, which group of muscles is sectioned?
• An abnormal Q angle is most commonly associated with which condition?
• Which material is commonly used for semi-rigid functional orthoses?
• An anatomical predisposition for first metatarsophalangeal joint impingement is which of the following?
• Which combination minimizes patient radiation dose?
• Which foot tumor has a known potential to metastasize to the lungs?
• Which radiographic angle is used to assess the metatarsus primus adductus deformity?
• Which local anesthetic has the shortest duration of action?
• Which condition is a contraindication to lateral subtalar arthroereisis?
• Which surgical scenario is an absolute contraindication for tourniquet use?
• A 30-year-old who had calcaneonavicular bar resection in childhood develops recurrent coalition with subtalar joint degeneration and talar beaking. The appropriate surgical treatment is?
• Osteogenesis imperfecta is a genetic disease that results in weakness of the bones due to malfunction of what?
• A 42-year-old patient presents 48 hours after an ankle sprain with moderate edema and ecchymosis. Which of the following is the best course of treatment?
• A patient experiences hypotension after a 1,000 cubic centimeter blood loss during transit to the hospital. Packed red cell transfusions are instituted. Approximately 4 hours later, the patient is in shock with severe back pain, flushing, and fever. Which of the following is a likely diagnosis?
• During gait analysis, if the nonweightbearing limb hip drops during the swing phase, which muscle group is most likely weak?
• Pyoderma gangrenosum is most often found in individuals with which disease?
• An older patient with an ankle sprain presents medial ankle pain during activity. Which evaluation would best assess a tendinous injury?
• Which describes the acceptable forms of contract that can establish the doctor-patient relationship?
• Laminated periosteal reaction is most closely associated with which pathology?
• What is the most common primary malignant bone tumor seen in the foot?
• After administration of a general anesthesia, a podiatric physician injects lidocaine for a procedure and the patient develops hyperthermia and muscle rigidity. The patient is most likely experiencing
• A 12-year-old patient with fever, headache, photophobia, and neck stiffness presents with acute symptoms. Which diagnosis is most likely?
• The most common side effect of fentanyl, sufentanil, and thiopental is which of the following?
• Which radiographic finding is most important in evaluating placement of an osteotomy for correction of hallux valgus?
• What is the typical value range for Gissane's angle?
• Tetanus toxoid booster intervals are generally recommended every how many years?
• Which muscle is overworked as it attempts to counteract the resistance of the Achilles tendon when the foot shoe lacks flexion at the MTP joints?
• Crossing the physis with hardware in a pediatric fracture increases the risk of what complication?
• On a peripheral blood smear stained with hematoxylin and eosin, the presence of 'rosettes' (clusters of polynuclear leukocytes surrounding an extracellular hematoxylin body) most likely indicates which of the following systemic disorders?
• Which organism is most likely to produce loculated emphysema (gas) seen on radiographs?
• Prothrombin time measures the therapeutic effect of which drug?
• Radiographic axes used to evaluate metatarsus adductus are which two axes?
• Increasing which exposure parameter, while other factors remain unchanged, yields a darker radiograph?
• If a severed artery is not ligated during tourniquet hemostasis, which complication is most likely?
• Which tendon is exposed during neuroma surgery performed on the third interspace through a dorsal approach?
• Radiographic evaluation of hyperparathyroidism may show which finding?
• Which cell type is most likely elevated on CBC in a patient with suspected drug allergy?
• What is the most appropriate procedure for a hallux abductovalgus deformity with the described radiographic angles (hallux abductus 35°, intermetatarsal 15°, proximal articular set angle 22°, distal articular set angle 4°, metatarsus adductus 8°)?
• Which statement about the Salter-Harris classification is true?
• Chronic venous stasis ulcers most commonly transform into which type of carcinoma?
• The 'anteater nose sign' on a lateral radiograph indicates which tarsal coalition?
• A bilateral shortening of the fourth metatarsal is noted radiographically. This finding is consistent with which condition?
• In an isolated rupture of the calcaneofibular ligament, the talus can invert due to lateral instability but will not undergo anterior displacement if which ligament remains intact?
• Which hindfoot alignment predisposes to peroneal tendon pathology?
• For suspected Factor VIII deficiency, which test identifies coagulation abnormality?
• Which act addresses fraudulent claims against the federal government?
• Which of the following statements about healing by first intention is true?
• The ability of a test to yield a negative result when the person screened is truly free of the condition is called the test's
• In talipes equinovarus casting, which component is corrected third?
• Hepatitis B is primarily prevented by which measure?
• Contraindication to lateral subtalar arthroereisis?
• The two proper digital nerves originate from which nerve?
• Which statement about Lyme disease is true?
• In an elderly patient with compromised liver function, which local anesthetic should be used?
• A second toe dislocates in the sagittal plane following removal of the proximal phalangeal base. Which muscles' attachment loss is most likely responsible for the dislocation?
• To attain better x-ray penetration of the tarsal bones and avoid an increase in overall film density, which adjustment of exposure factors is recommended?
• Flexor hallucis longus tendon transfer is commonly employed to supplement which condition?
• Creatine Phosphokinase is an enzyme found in which tissues?
• Before attempting an extensor suspension (Jones) procedure for the first metatarsal, which condition should be present?
• Which is a major risk factor for developing asthma?
• In normal skin of the dorsal foot, where are melanocytes located?
• Which of the following findings is most commonly observed in the first phase of neuropathic arthropathy (Charcot's joint)?
• Semi-weight-bearing impression foam foot castings are most appropriate for which condition?
• The Anti-Kickback Act is primarily designed to prevent what?
• An orthopedic shoe with a steel shank and a rocker bar would be appropriate for treating which condition?
• On lateral weightbearing radiographs, markedly increased density is noted in the subtalar region. Which item is NOT typically part of the differential diagnosis?
• The anterior drawer and talar tilt tests assess the integrity of which ligaments?
• During ankle dorsiflexion, which portion of the talar dome is wedged in the ankle mortise?
• In performing a Tzanck smear for suspected herpes simplex on the foot, which material is used on the slide?
• In the scenario where a shoe does not flex at the metatarsophalangeal joints, the longer lever arm of ground reaction force at the ankle increases tension on which tendon during plantarflexion?
• Which medication is most likely to contribute to the formation of a deep vein thrombosis?
• Penicillin dose adjustment must be considered when which physiological process is impaired?
• In a bunion deformity with an intermetatarsal angle of 11 degrees and a PASA of 20 degrees, which operative option would be best?
• What is the single most important preventable risk factor for peripheral vascular disease?
• For a severe rigid and painful talipes equinovarus in an adult, which primary surgical approach is contraindicated?
• In applying a short leg cast, what is the main advantage of plaster of Paris over synthetic materials?
• Long-term glucocorticoid use suppresses the HPA axis and increases risk for which perioperative complication?
• Which statement best describes thiopental?
• Twenty minutes into a procedure, a patient develops laryngeal edema and cyanosis; which is the most likely diagnosis?
• Allergic contact dermatitis is best described as which type of hypersensitivity?
• Which finding is NOT a radiographic feature of closed-kinetic-chain subtalar joint pronation?
• Which hallux valgus procedure opens the abducted wedge (opening abductory wedge)?
• Which of the following prophylactic interventions for diabetic neuropathic ulceration is NOT beneficial?
• On a T2-weighted MRI, which finding is commonly seen in osteomyelitis?
• Which radiographic view is best to evaluate pain at the posterior aspect of the ankle?
• An 8-month-old child presents with a left foot flat from birth, dorsiflexed and everted when nonweightbearing, good subtalar and midtarsal motion, slight plantarflexion restriction, and the medial arch improves with dorsiflexion of the hallux. What is the most likely diagnosis?
• Which statement about spinal anesthesia–related headaches is true?
• A 2-year-old child presents with jaundice, chronic anemia, dehydration-precipitated episodes of abdominal, back, and limb pain, and swelling of the hands and feet. The management is fluid maintenance and analgesics. This case is most characteristic of which condition?
• Which is the most appropriate antibiotic therapy for pseudomembranous colitis?
• A dancer's pad is used to offload pressure from which part of the foot?
• Which gait pattern is most commonly seen in cases of lower motor neuron pathology?
• Which statement about ankylosing spondylitis is true?
• On weightbearing AP and lateral radiographs, decreased articulation between the talus and navicular with a flatfoot deformity is best described by which radiographic change?
• A patient with a documented penicillin allergy inadvertently receives cefazolin and develops shortness of breath and a rash. Which medication is indicated as the first-line therapy?
• On a lateral radiograph of the foot, decreased calcaneal inclination angle with increased talar declination angle indicates which deformity?
• The Thompson test is used to detect rupture of which structure?
• In a McBride bunionectomy under local anesthesia, which nerve is intentionally not blocked?
• Which statement best characterizes the Hawkins classification for talar neck fractures?
• In the first hour after an acute myocardial infarction, which life-threatening dysrhythmia is most likely to occur?
• Kytococcus sedentarius causing pitted keratolysis is most strongly associated with which condition?
• What is a contraindication to performing a Young tenosuspension flatfoot procedure?
• A 35-year-old fell from a roof with talar neck fracture and dislocation from the ankle mortise and subtalar joint. Which describes this fracture and its most likely complication?
• In epidemiology, a prospective cohort study is characterized by following disease-free individuals over time to observe the development of disease. Which statement best reflects this design?
• A stratum granulosum is found in which anatomical location?
• Which radiographic view is specifically used to evaluate calcaneal structures and coalitions?
• A 16-year-old male with peroneal spastic flatfoot has 8 degrees tibia varum. What is the proper position of the calcaneus to the tibia for triple arthrodesis?
• Stabilization of toes at the metatarsophalangeal joint during midstance is aided by which of the following muscles?
• In evaluating Duchenne muscular dystrophy, which test would NOT be useful?
• A patient with a history of true penicillin allergy is scheduled for a total joint implant. Antibiotic prophylaxis would best be served with which medication?
• In simple chronic anemia, what happens to hemoglobin and hematocrit?
• In heloma molle of the fourth interdigital space, pressure is between which structures?
• Which imaging modality is best to confirm osseous subtalar joint coalition?
• If radiographs show metatarsus adductus angle of 25 degrees after eight weeks of casting, what is indicated?
• A 12-year-old overweight male presents with hip pain and radiographs showing posterior displacement of the capital femoral growth plate. Which diagnosis is most likely?
• On MRI evaluation of a tendon on a T2-weighted image, what is the normal signal of the Achilles tendon relative to muscle?
• The most severe nerve injury is complete disruption of the axon, Schwann cell, and endoneurial tubes with varying disruption of the perineurium and epineurium. What is the term used to designate this condition?
• In one-rescuer CPR, what is the correct ventilation-to-chest-compression ratio?
• After primary repair of ruptured anterior tibial tendon, what is the recommended ankle position in the short leg cast?
• In a conscious adult with a choking obstruction who is coughing, which action is most appropriate?
• Posterior displacement of the capital femoral growth plate is most consistent with which diagnosis?
• One week after a leg cast, the patient with risk factors for venous thromboembolism presents with a hot, red, indurated leg. Which diagnosis is most likely?
• Intraoperatively, a podiatric physician observes osteoporotic bone after performing a midshaft Akin osteotomy. The best way to stabilize the osteotomy and achieve some compression would be to use?
• Which of the following is LEAST useful for diagnosing a pulmonary embolism?
• The Bunnell suturing technique is primarily used for repair of which structure?
• What triad is classically associated with Graves' disease?
• What is the primary purpose of administering epinephrine intramuscularly in an anaphylactic reaction?
• Which pediatric deformity is associated with metatarsus adductus and supination of the subtalar joint with rearfoot varus?
• Which ossicle is just proximal to the navicular?
• Integrated pain management for disorders such as complex regional pain syndrome should include all of the following EXCEPT
• Healing with rigid internal fixation is known as which type of bone healing?
• Heat therapy has all of the following effects, EXCEPT:
• Which of the following is an appropriate treatment for a Salter-Harris type V fracture?
• In a lateral osteochondral talar dome fracture, the most common mechanism is which combination?
• Running in a shoe with a sole that is too rigid across the metatarsophalangeal joints increases a person's risk of developing which condition?
• In the sickle cell case, what is the indicated management for a crisis?
• A 20-year-old with rupture of the lateral collateral ligaments of the ankle: what is the most appropriate treatment plan?
• Ketamine inhibits reuptake of which neurotransmitters?
• An asymptomatic, fragmented irregular sclerotic calcaneal apophysis in an 8-year-old is most indicative of which finding?
• A 67-year-old woman presents with a tender, progressively flattening left arch after a popping sound in the foot. Which is the most likely diagnosis?
• A 6-year-old presents with a painful ankle injury and swelling; x-rays are unremarkable. What is the treatment of choice?
• A 50-year-old patient with a tender mass on the lateral forefoot and radiographs showing an expansile 'soap bubble' lesion in the fifth metatarsal most likely indicates which diagnosis?
• Tibial varum should be measured with the rearfoot in which position?
• A patient who presents with an adducted, toe-walking, scissor-type gait most likely has which condition?
• Where is the os peroneum located?
• Which view is used to visualize the middle facet of the talocalcaneal joint and may reveal coalition if the joint space is obliterated?
• Which condition would benefit most from immobilization alone?
• In a Health Maintenance Organization (HMO), access to care is controlled by which mechanism?
• Osteoid osteoma initially appears radiographically as a sclerotic bone island with what central feature?
• For bunion correction when PASA correction is needed and the intermetatarsal angle is in the 8-14 degrees range, which distal osteotomy is appropriate?
• The 5.07 (10-gram) monofilament is used to screen for protective sensation loss in patients with diabetes. Which option best represents this test?
• Which statement about BNP levels is true in the context of congestive heart failure?
• Which MRI finding is most consistent with osteomyelitis of the first metatarsal?
• Which fixation method offers the highest compression rates in osteotomy stabilization?
• Which radiographic finding is typical of an osteochondroma?
• Which type of calcaneal fracture has the best prognosis?
• Surgical excision of the hallucal sesamoids would most directly result in which condition?
• Which casting technique best visualizes the neutral subtalar joint position?
• A 15-year-old female sustained an injury resulting in a Salter-Harris type V epiphyseal fracture of the first metatarsal base. What should initial treatment include?
• Congenital vertical talus is characterized by the talus fixed in a vertical position with hypoplasia of which parts?
• Where does the nutrient artery of the first metatarsal enter the midshaft?
• Primary function of neutrophils?
• A 55-year-old man with progressive muscle weakness, hyperreflexia, spasticity, and a positive Babinski sign is most consistent with which diagnosis?
• In congenital vertical talus, navicular is dislocated and articulates with the dorsal aspect of which ligaments are contracted preventing reduction?
• Charcot joints are not commonly associated with which condition?
• Which intrinsic muscle would be affected if a second intermetatarsal neuroma excision caused an abducted third toe?
• Which examination technique would be most appropriate for a suspected tibialis posterior tendinitis?
• Which of the following is a true statement about rigid forefoot valgus?
• Codeine half-life is approximately how many hours?
• Which therapy is recommended for initial treatment of an acute asthmatic attack?
• Which ossicle may be related to the formation of a talocalcaneal coalition?
• In a flexor tendon transfer for hammer toe correction, the flexor tendon is inserted into which location?
• A 43-year-old woman with proximal muscle weakness, periungual reddening, and Gottron-like skin changes with elevated CK-MM and LDH is presumptively diagnosed with which condition?
• Which Salter-Harris type carries the highest risk of growth disturbance?
• Elevated CK, aldolase, and ALT suggests which diagnosis?
• Lidocaine can be used to suppress ectopic ventricular rhythms by depressing automaticity. Which use is correct?
• A patient with interdigital lesions that fluoresce coral pink under Wood's light is treated with which drug of choice?
• Radiographs of a college basketball player who presents with a foot injury reveal a minimally displaced fracture of the proximal shaft of the fifth metatarsal. Treatment should consist of which of the following?
• A 53-year-old with a 1 cm dorsum foot lesion with elevated, rolled translucent border and a central crust that bleeds on debridement: presumptive diagnosis?
• Acral lentiginous melanoma on the nail bed traditionally begins at which location?
• In a patient with gram-negative sepsis and petechiae, which coagulation disorder is most suggested by prolonged PT/INR, prolonged PTT, prolonged thrombin time, and severe thrombocytopenia?
• The radiograph showing diffuse subchondral sclerosis, asymmetric joint space narrowing and diffuse osteophytes indicates which condition?
• ST elevations in leads V1 through V4 on ECG in a patient with chest pain indicate which diagnosis?
• Which muscle stabilizes the first ray against the lesser tarsus and ground in midstance?
• Adverse reactions associated with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) include all of the following EXCEPT which?
• Which fixation provides the best compression and alignment for an Austin bunionectomy?
• In pes planus on lateral foot radiographs, which change is commonly seen?
• In performing a Z-plasty to release a contracted scar, which principle should be followed?
• Which statement about multiple sclerosis is incorrect?
• Which would be an appropriate cast after Achilles tendon repair?
• Which radiographic feature is commonly seen in osteoarthritis?
• All of the following contribute to hallux varus deformity EXCEPT which?
• Which statement correctly pairs a condition with its recommended step or indication?
• A patient with a long-standing varicose ulcer over the medial malleolus is at higher risk for malignant transformation to which carcinoma?
• Laminated periosteal reaction on imaging is most closely associated with which pathology?
• A 28-year-old female with forefoot pain after a long hike; deep palpation along the second metatarsal is painful, but intermetatarsal spaces are non-tender. Most likely diagnosis?
• Fog on a developed radiographic film most likely indicates
• Which statement best describes the relationship between calcaneal inclination angle and sagittal plane pronatory compensation?
• Rocker sole modification is used for conditions that limit normal movement of which joints?
• The first ray axis passes through all three planes of motion. This statement is:
• Which osteotomy is described as shortening and plantarflexory to relieve compressive forces from the first MTP joint?
• A patient with a painful limb who uses a single cane should be instructed to hold the cane on which side?
• The Thompson test is performed with the patient in which position?
• In the early stages of superficial spreading malignant melanoma, which of the following conditions is not present?
• Which intravenous medication is indicated for nausea?
• Which radiographic angle is most indicative of talipes equinovarus?
• During healing after a tendon transfer, plantarflexion of the proximal phalanx at the metatarsophalangeal joint serves to
• Yellow discoloration of radiographic film is most likely due to inadequate which processing step?
• In the described hallux valgus radiographic case, which radiographic angle is the largest?
• Who may waive the doctor-patient privilege?
• Harris-Beath projection is used to evaluate talocalcaneal coalition involving which calcaneal facets?
• Lateral ankle instability is most likely caused by which of the following conditions?
• A 25-year-old runner presents with lateral foot pain, episodes of 'going out' and 'popping into' place. Palpation localizes tenderness to the calcaneocuboid joint. The most likely diagnosis is
• In infant CPR, what is the recommended chest compression depth?
• All of the following are considered seronegative spondyloarthropathies EXCEPT:
• In a competitive basketball player with a nondisplaced fifth metatarsal fracture at the metaphyseal-diaphyseal junction, what is the most appropriate treatment?
• On a lateral weightbearing radiograph of a flexible flatfoot, which finding is most characteristic?
• Three weeks following excision of a neuroma in the third intermetatarsal space, the third digit drifts into an adducted position. The most probable cause would be severance of which anatomical feature?
• After surgery for a dislocated hammer toe, the digit remains dorsiflexed at the metatarsophalangeal joint despite complete sequential reduction. Which intraoperative step should have been performed?
• Pterygium is a nail change commonly seen with lichen planus due to involvement of which part of the nail unit?
• Which chronic inflammatory disease is characterized by proliferative synovitis with bony erosion and destruction of the articular cartilage?
• What is the most common mechanism of an ankle fracture?
• A patient with fever, pruritic rash, and arthralgias after a kidney transplant most likely has which condition?
• The metatarsus adductus angle is measured as the angle formed by the second metatarsal bisector and a line perpendicular to the bisection of which structure?
• Which statement about infant mortality rate is true?
• Which medication inhibits prostaglandin synthesis?
• A beak fracture of the posterior superior calcaneus not involving the posterior facet is best classified as
• List the steps of the McBride bunionectomy in the correct first-to-last order.
• All of the following radiographic signs are associated with excessive pronation EXCEPT
• In evaluating the suitability of a dynamic compression plate for fixation, which fracture pattern is most reliably treated as a solitary device?
• Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of plantar fasciitis?
• A runner with chronic ankle pain after a twist 6 months ago and no swelling has intermittent giving-way and locking. The most likely diagnosis is which of the following?
• If kilovoltage is increased while mAs is kept constant, what happens to radiographic film density?
• Excision of a second intermetatarsal neuroma would cause abducted third digit due to damage to which intrinsic muscle?
• Which statement about hallux valgus radiographic assessment is true?
• Which tissue is least sensitive to x-ray exposure?
• True acquired clubbing of the fingernails is associated with which disease?
• Which factor is NOT used to stratify fracture risk in postmenopausal women?
• In surgical instrument terminology, the trephine drill is properly used to which function?
• Arrhythmia may occur from the toxic effects of which medication?
• The bone-within-bone radiographic appearance is a classic finding in which condition?
• Which cells are primarily involved in immediate hypersensitivity due to IgE binding?
• Which endocrinopathy is characterized by enlargement of the hands and feet?
• A Young procedure performed on the tibialis anterior is best described as
• The most important factor for the treatment of a navicular stress fracture involves early what?
• What is most often the cause of anterior process fractures of the calcaneus?
• Which statement best describes the relationship between ether linkages in volatile anesthetics and epinephrine-induced dysrhythmias?
• In civil court, the performance of a procedure on a patient without the patient's informed consent could be considered
• What is the best method to prevent HIV infection and/or hepatitis B infection in a podiatric physician's office?
• Fall from height causing lateral talus into calcaneus over neutral triangle results in which calcaneal fracture?
• A 6-year-old patient has an in-toe gait. The patella is rectus with no foot pathology. The most likely diagnosis is
• In an anteroposterior radiographic view, a talonavicular articulation of less than 70 percent is a sign of
• Prior to surgery, how should a patient with Addison's disease on hydrocortisone be treated?
• Which medication is ineffective for treatment of diastolic congestive heart failure?
• A patient presents with an acute dorsal dislocation of the third metatarsophalangeal articulation. What is the proper sequence of maneuvers to reduce the dislocated digit?
• A 64-year-old male patient complains of a cold left foot and cramping pain in the left calf and buttock when walking. He also states that he is impotent. Examination reveals a weak femoral pulse on the left side and nonpalpable pulses at the popliteal and pedal arteries. It is most likely that an occlusion has occurred in which of the following arteries?
• An acute ankle injury with partial rupture of the talotibial ligament has maximal pain with which movement?
• Aggressive dissection of the first interspace during fibular sesamoid release is most likely to injure which intrinsic muscle belly?
• When planning surgical scars, skin tension lines appear in which direction relative to the direction of muscle movement?
• Which statement best describes the primary aim of the Lapidus procedure?
• After excision of a neuroma in the third intermetatarsal space, the third toe drifts medially. Which structure is most likely injured?
• A podiatric physician identifies a noticeable weakness in a patient's ability to dorsiflex the right ankle. The podiatric physician should be concerned about injury to the
• The correct positioning for a weightbearing mortise view of the ankle is which rotation?
• A 12-year-old patient presents with arch pain. Gait evaluation reveals hyperpronation throughout stance phase, resting calcaneal stance position 2 degrees valgus, radiographs show anterior break in the cyma line and an increased Kite's angle. This patient most likely has
• Which statement about Sever's disease is true?
• The primary goal of implant surgery of the first metatarsophalangeal joint is
• Which cell normally develops into a macrophage once it infiltrates tissue?
• Hepatitis B infection is characterized by which onset?
• A 36-year-old female has a history of recurrent masses in the medial longitudinal arch of the right foot. What is the most likely primary lesion of the foot causing metastasis to the lung?
• A patient with a history of anorexia presenting with calf cramps is most likely to have which electrolyte abnormality?
• Which electrolyte disturbance is most frequently observed in a hypertensive patient treated with furosemide (Lasix)?
• To derotate an adductovarus fifth toe, how is the lenticular incision made?
• In the septic joint scenario, which anesthesia option is contraindicated due to risk for meningitis?
• Stage 4 adult acquired flatfoot deformity involves the ankle joint and which ligament?
• In closed-chain subtalar pronation, the talus moves by which action: adducts and plantarflexes?
• What is the primary mechanical role of a first metatarsophalangeal joint implant after resection of a painful joint?
• Which cleansing agent is appropriate for a surgeon with an iodine allergy?
• Which type of padding would be best for an arthritic hammer toe?
• Hypertrophy of synovial villi with impingement between capsule and joint surfaces may lead to which intra-articular structures?
• In Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease with weak anterior compartment muscles, which tendon transfer is most appropriate to improve dorsiflexion?
• What is the normal range for the talocalcaneal angle on dorsoplantar view?
• Which bone lesion is characterized by dense bone surrounding a small central nidus?
• Which exposure factor should be increased to produce a darker radiograph, assuming all else remains constant?
• Venous stasis ulcers are caused by venous distention and valve failure leading to pooling. This statement is:
• The Modified Green-Waterman osteotomy relieves compressive forces from which joint?
• A 10-year-old girl with a large dorsum foot abscess after a bite presents with fever of 103°F and a grade IV/VI holosystolic murmur. What is the most appropriate action for the podiatric physician?
• Keratoses beneath the second metatarsal head in hallux valgus are most commonly due to which anatomic variation?
• ST elevations in leads V1-V4 localize infarction to which cardiac wall?
• Charcot neuroarthropathy is best described as a progressive joint deterioration associated with which underlying condition?
• Which radiographic parameter is most appropriate to assess when planning hallux valgus correction?
• Which of the following is NOT an acceptable method for open reduction and internal fixation of a Salter-Harris Type III fracture?
• Twelve hours after casting, a patient reports severe pain, bluish discoloration of digits, numbness, and throbbing. Which treatment is most appropriate?
• Rheumatoid arthritis results in destruction of which structures?
• What would a dorsoplantar radiograph of the foot with a plantarflexed first ray show the position of the hallucal sesamoids relative to the metatarsal head?
• Which statement about the talocalcaneal angle is true?
• Osteoid osteomas are found in the tibia and which other bone most commonly?
• Which bone tumor is malignant?
• In Charcot neuroarthropathy, what is the primary treatment goal?
• Which statement correctly describes MRI findings of the Achilles tendon?
• Which imaging modality produces cross-sectional images by combining slices with a computer?
• Thrombophlebitis of the small veins frequently occurs with intravenous administration of which drug?
• A 65-year-old woman has undergone an emergency incision and drainage of a plantar ulcer associated with ascending cellulitis. On the third postoperative day, the patient experiences chest pain. Which is the least likely cause of the pain?
• What is the primary goal of the semi-weight-bearing impression technique?
• Pseudohypoparathyroidism is clinically manifested by bone absorption with blunting of which metatarsal?
• Homan's sign is best described as
• An os tibiale externum with a smooth rounded appearance is classified as Type I. This statement is:
• In a patient with hallux abductovalgus deformity and radiographic angles, which statement is true regarding the intermetatarsal angle?
• Hemoglobin A1c is most useful in evaluating which condition?
• In a 36-year-old patient with new-onset diabetes presenting with diabetic ketoacidosis, which insulin formulation is appropriate for initial therapy?
• The film/cassette is placed vertically in the orthoposer for which view?
• Which class of drugs is used to treat osteoporosis?
• When applying a short leg cast, which superficial nerve must be protected at the area of the fibular neck?
• A true Jones fracture is located at which location?
• Which of the following dysplasias is characterized by multiple bone islands in periarticular areas?
• Which procedure involves fusion of the first tarsometatarsal joint?
• Intravenous barbiturates can produce all of the following EXCEPT which of the following?
• What is the primary purpose of temporary fixation after a complete sequential reduction of a hammer toe dislocation?
• A split tibialis anterior tendon transfer may be used for the following conditions EXCEPT:
• In diaphyseal tibia-fibula fractures under axial load, which fixation primarily neutralizes forces at the fracture to dissipate instability?
• Keratoses beneath the second metatarsal head are frequently observed in association with hallux valgus deformities. What is the most common cause of these keratoses?
• Which local anesthetic is not recommended for use in children under 12 years of age?
• Preoperative laboratory tests in this patient should include which of the following?
• Besides respiratory depression, which cardiovascular effect is commonly observed with fentanyl, sufentanil, and thiopental?
• If a calcaneonavicular coalition is accompanied by subtalar joint degeneration, which surgical treatment is preferred?
• The third and final stage of complex regional pain syndrome is the
• Venous stasis ulcers of the lower extremities typically respond best to which treatment?
• In Lisfranc injuries, open reduction is recommended for diastasis greater than what threshold?
• Which condition is associated with normochromic, normocytic anemia?
• On a weightbearing radiograph, an increased talocalcaneal angle is used to identify which condition?
• Which of the following is NOT a side effect of glucocorticoids?
• In a prospective epidemiologic study, the cohort originally consists of which group?
• Which imaging study best demonstrates deep vein thrombosis?
• During the inflammatory phase of wound healing, which event leads to capillary vasodilation after initial vasoconstriction?
• A 30-year-old male with a history of seizures during a routine office visit; the podiatric physician should immediately
• Which foot type is associated with an anterior break in the cyma line on radiographs?
• In a hypoglycemic patient with diabetes presenting with loss of consciousness, the treatment of choice is intravenous 50 percent dextrose. Which option reflects this treatment in standard form?
• Fever on the first postoperative day after general anesthesia is most likely due to which cause?
• Which approach to hallux limitus does not require a joint-destructive procedure?
• In a six-month-old child with clubfoot, aggressive casting for the equinus component may result in which complication?
• Which feature is most characteristic of venous stasis ulcerations?
• An Achilles tendon rupture with calcaneal gait and an unpalpable tendon; which surgical option is best?
• Which benign soft-tissue lesion may invade adjacent bone?
• How should this open fracture dislocation of the ankle be classified with respect to bacterial involvement if not treated promptly?
• Incidence rate is defined as the number of new cases during a period divided by which denominator?
• A 12-year-old patient presents with pain on the lateral side of the right ankle; subtalar joint is restricted in motion, and pain is elicited on palpation of the fibular tendons. A lateral radiograph would most probably show which finding?
• Which instrument is a periosteal elevator?
• In Hardcastle classification for Lisfranc fracture-dislocations, a total incongruity injury is classified as which type?
• Which organism is most likely the cause of malaise, abdominal cramps, flatulence, and watery diarrhea after a hiking vacation?
• Atlantoaxial subluxation is present in approximately what percentage of patients with rheumatoid arthritis?
• Which combination of radiographic angle changes is consistent with foot pronation?
• A 45-year-old overweight patient with pes planus and navicular tuberosity pain shows enlarged navicular medially without fracture. The next step should be:
• Which modality is transmitted by the posterior columns of the spinal cord?
• Kytococcus sedentarius causing pitted keratolysis is most strongly associated with which condition?
• Sever's disease primarily affects which anatomical region?
• Which feature is an indication for primary subtalar fusion after a calcaneal fracture?
• Salter-Harris type III fracture extends through which structures?
• Radiographs of a bunion show certain angles; based on this information, what is the procedure of choice?
• Which phase of wound healing is characterized by the release of vasoactive amines and initial vasoconstriction?
• Which condition is associated with an increase in the thickness of the calcaneal fat pad?
• Which is considered a violation of sterile technique?
• A Charcot joint is caused by which type of neuropathy?
• Why is the trephine technique to fuse the posterior facet during a triple arthrodesis contraindicated in a cavus foot?
• Drug-induced systemic lupus erythematosus typically subsides after discontinuation of the offending medication.
• On a dorsoplantar radiograph with a plantarflexed first ray, the hallucal sesamoids are located where relative to the metatarsal head?
• The number of electromagnetic waves that pass a given point per unit time is referred to as which of the following?
• Which statement best describes the Cotton osteotomy?
• Decreased metatarsal girth is seen in which condition?
• What procedure should be performed on a patient with a 25 degree metatarsus primus adductus angle and a severe first ray hypermobility?
• In a pediatric patient with pronation deformity, which radiographic feature would you most expect?
• In a patient receiving subcutaneous heparin for DVT prophylaxis, which lab value indicates effective anticoagulation?
• Peroneal muscular atrophy is best known as which disease?
• Mönckeberg's medial sclerosis is best described as calcification of which arterial layer?
• Balancing the heel of a positive cast in an inverted position effectively decreases which motion?
• Bence-Jones proteinuria is most commonly associated with which disease?
• A 35-year-old patient with rheumatoid arthritis wishes surgical intervention for hallux deformity and is undergoing first MTP joint fusion. Preoperative studies should include which of the following due to risk of cervical spine instability?
• If a podiatric physician suspects elder abuse in an elderly patient, which statement best reflects the legal obligation?
• A 21-year-old basketball player sustained a complete rupture of the Achilles tendon. It is now 5 days after the injury and the patient has been immobilized in a posterior splint. The most appropriate treatment at this time is
• A wet-to-dry dressing for an infected wound is used primarily to
• During ankle dorsiflexion, the talar dome wedging described occurs with which motion?
• Following fifth-toe surgery, a patient reports the toe is unstable and feels 'floppy.' X‑rays reveal loss of bone mass and a flail fifth digit. What is the best procedure to restore stability?
• Rowe type Ia fracture is best described as which of the following?
• A patient with six months of unilateral flatfoot and prior corticosteroid injections for os tibial externum most likely has which underlying problem?
• An intra-articular epiphyseal fracture extending through the physis and epiphysis would be classified as which type of Salter-Harris fracture?
• Which statement correctly describes the soleus muscle in relation to the knee joint?
• Which ligament rupture is most associated with lateral deviation in Lisfranc injuries?
• Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) is used for which purpose?
• Management of cuboid subluxation syndrome primarily involves which intervention?
• Which Salter-Harris injuries do NOT involve a fracture through the metaphysis?
• In Jones tenosuspension, if hallux IP joint fusion is not performed, what complication occurs?
• If the talocalcaneal angle is markedly increased, what condition is indicated?
• Which of the following is NOT a neuromuscular cause of cavus foot?
• Common precipitating triggers of asthma include all of the following EXCEPT which?
• When should a podiatric physician prescribe ambulation and range-of-motion exercises for a postoperative patient with a history of deep vein thrombosis?
• The laying down of new bone surrounding an area of infection is referred to as
• Giant cell tumors classically appear as which radiographic feature?
• What is the best method to obtain a wound culture of the infecting organism?
• The Hoffman-Clayton procedure is most commonly indicated for which of the following conditions?
• A 30-year-old patient presents with ankle pain, shortness of breath, and a dry cough, with erythematous nodules on the legs. The most likely etiology is:
• When griseofulvin is prescribed, which test should be performed in addition to a complete blood cell count (CBC)?
• Which procedure for hallux abductovalgus has the least effect on growth centers in a young child?
• What is the most serious complication of Paget's disease?
• The radiographic weightbearing lateral view of the foot requires which of the following?
• In normal foot development, the center of ossification appears last in which bone?
• Before foot surgery, the longest branch of the femoral nerve should be anesthetized at which anatomical location?
• A 25-year-old female has unremitting numbness in the lesser digits. The pain becomes more severe while walking and radiates into the arch. What is the most likely diagnosis?
• A 23-year-old runner presents with anterior leg pain that worsens with running on hills; palpation of the anterior aspect of the lower leg lateral to the tibial crest is tender. The most likely diagnosis is:
• All of the following conditions may cause pes planus EXCEPT
• Rheumatic heart disease is characterized by damage to which heart valve?
• MRI signal characteristics of a lipoma on T1 and T2 sequences are best described as:
• A 'bone within a bone' radiographic appearance is most commonly associated with which condition?
• In young healthy athletes with an Achilles tendon rupture, which treatment has a high rate of success?
• The inflammatory response after an acute musculoskeletal injury typically lasts how long?
• A 40-year-old woman with a painful hammered hallux and a rigid interphalangeal joint of the right hallux with a flexible plantarflexed first ray: which operation is most appropriate?
• What radiographic hallmark differentiates an osteochondroma from other bone growths?
• In using a Z-plasty to correct a skin contracture, what should the surgeon do?
• Which surgical option is described as a closing wedge osteotomy performed with a McBride procedure?
• What is the most common postoperative infective organism in podiatric surgery?
• A 50-year-old non-diabetic smoker has unilateral calf claudication with absent right distal pulses but left leg pulses present. What is the most likely level of arterial occlusion on the symptomatic side?
• Coxsackievirus belongs to which virus family?
• The most common cell types seen in cases of immediate hypersensitivity are which?
• Why should burning of bone with a power saw be avoided during osteotomy?
• A male patient presents with induration and bluish discoloration over the second interspace of the foot, with calcification on imaging and no trauma. What is the most likely diagnosis?
• What is the most prominent physical finding of right-sided congestive heart failure?
• When is electrical stimulation of the bone best indicated?
• Which agency determines podiatric services eligible for Medicare payment?
• The ossification center of which bone is the last to appear in the foot?
• Which ligament is most closely associated with lateral ankle sprains as part of the lateral ligament complex?
• Which procedure is used to treat chronic peroneus longus rupture resulting in a dorsiflexed and inverted foot?
• A patient with stance heel valgus and collapse of the longitudinal arch most likely has which condition?
• A nerve block may NOT be successful in presence of infection due to which reason?
• If rigid forefoot valgus cannot be compensated by forefoot inversion and first ray dorsiflexion, which subtalar motion is required for correction?
• The most common causative organism for boils (furuncles) is which of the following?
• In ankle stress radiographs of an isolated rupture of the calcaneofibular ligament, which combination of signs is expected?
• Wound dehiscence may result from all of the following EXCEPT
• Which epidermal layer is present specifically in thick skin such as the plantar surface?
• Which malignant melanoma is most commonly misdiagnosed as a pyogenic granuloma?
• Which statement correctly describes venous thromboembolism risk after knee arthroplasty?
• What is the first step in open reduction and internal fixation of an ankle pilon fracture?
• A Keller procedure hemi-implant is used primarily to
• The Medicare plan that covers physician expenses is Part
• A patient presents with interdigital itching and maceration. KOH preparation reveals budding pseudohyphae. The most likely diagnosis is infection caused by
• What is the most appropriate fixation for a small, displaced avulsion fracture of the lateral malleolus?
• If the medial oblique view of the foot is negative, which view will probably be positive?
• Plantar fasciitis initial treatment?
• Erythema nodosum and subcutaneous nodules are commonly seen in which stage of sarcoidosis?
• What procedure most effectively transfers the action of the flexor digitorum longus to the metatarsophalangeal joint (MTPJ) of the lesser digit?
• Evans calcaneal osteotomy indication?
• Ultrasound therapy is an appropriate treatment for which condition?
• In a distal tibial physeal fracture, which fixation approach crosses the physis and enters the metaphysis?
• Which imaging modality results in no ionizing radiation exposure to the patient?
• Which statement about the Os tibiale externum is true?
• The common fibular (peroneal) nerve winds around the neck of which bone?
• A symptom of sensory polyneuropathy in diabetes is the inability to feel which of the following?
• The inflammatory arthritis associated with hemophilia most commonly affects which joint?
• A 40-year-old patient with a creatinine level of 1.9 should discontinue which medication due to kidney risk?
• OSHA regulations require that an employer do which of the following?
• What is an indication for primary fusion of the subtalar joint following a calcaneal fracture?
• Turf-toe injuries predominantly involve which joint?
• Abnormal restriction of dorsiflexion at the first metatarsophalangeal joint is most commonly caused by which anatomical factor?
• Which radiographic angle decreases with subtalar joint supination?
• During the single heel rise test, which finding would indicate posterior tibial tendon dysfunction?
• Statutes of limitations are determined by
• Which muscle directly prevents the longitudinal arch from collapsing?
• In the 18- to 30-year-old age group, the most common infective organism in septic arthritis is?
• A complication of halothane anesthesia is which of the following?
• In Freiberg's infraction, radiographic findings begin with what change in the joint space?
• In a patient with suspected Factor VIII deficiency, which test is most informative?
• Inversion ankle sprains most commonly damage which ligament?
• A reasonable intervention to prevent pulmonary emboli postoperatively after bunionectomy in an otherwise healthy patient would be which?
• When inserting a fully threaded 2.7 standard A-O screw utilizing the lag technique, what step has to be done to create the glide hole?
• During posteromedial release for a congenital clubfoot, which joint release is most important to prevent recurrence?
• Heberden's nodes at distal interphalangeal joints are most closely associated with which condition?
• Malignant hyperthermia can be precipitated by which of the following agents?
• In congenital hip dislocation, the femoral head is usually posterior and superior to the acetabulum, resulting in shortening of the limb with an increase in thigh folds and limited abduction on the affected side. The femoral head is positioned relative to the acetabulum how?
• In wound healing, which process defines the proliferative phase?
• In the oral treatment of onychomycosis, which antifungal drug is fungicidal at low concentrations?
• A 65-year-old female diabetic on insulin therapy arrives at the surgeon's office. While waiting she begins to feel faint and loses consciousness. What would be the treatment of choice?
• An arthritis panel to include SMAC-12, ANA, ESR, C-reactive protein, RA, and LE prep is used to evaluate which of the following?
• Which statement about the nature of a tort in the medical context is correct?
• Which initial management step is appropriate for a Salter-Harris type V fracture of the first metatarsal base?
• Which of the following is part of a suture needle?
• Which general anesthetic is most likely to sensitize the myocardium to catecholamines?
• A 4-year-old girl with asthma presents with a persistent vesiculating eruption on both feet. What is the most likely diagnosis?
• An apparently nervous 25-year-old female patient demonstrates lid lag during examination, along with a fine tremor of her outstretched hands. Her skin is warm, moist, and smooth. Her nervousness is most likely the result of which of the following?
• In Ponseti treatment of the equinovarus foot, which component is corrected last by casting?
• Which view would clearly visualize the fifth toe?
• Longstanding Hashimoto's thyroiditis would most likely show which laboratory pattern?
• Dual, curvilinear soft tissue calcifications that are parallel to one another and somewhat serpiginous describe radiographic features of which condition?
• Which volatile anesthetic does not contain an ether linkage?
• A 6-month-old child presents with limited hip abduction and increased thigh folds on the left; the most likely diagnosis is?
• Salter-Harris type V fracture is typically described as a crushing injury to the physis with no visible fracture and no displacement. Which option best matches this description?
• Isherwood x-ray views are best used to evaluate which joint?
• Secondary radiographic findings of a subtalar joint coalition include all of the following EXCEPT
• Bence Jones proteins in the urine are diagnostic of which condition?
• After surgical correction of a rigid medially deviated second hammertoe deformity with a long metatarsal, in what position should the toe be bandaged postoperatively to prevent complications?
• Distal syndesmotic injuries without fractures are typically treated nonoperatively with which regimen?
• Which histopathologic feature is characteristic of superficial spreading melanoma?
• What is the typical value range for Bohler's angle?
• The main concern during surgery after an inadvertent scrape or needle-stick exposure is which infection?
• All of the following are appropriate drugs for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis EXCEPT which one?
• A 6-year-old with bilateral semi-rigid cavus feet, a mild steppage gait, absent ankle reflexes, decreased vibratory sensation, and bilateral weakness of the anterior tibial and peroneal muscles. Which test is the most appropriate initial diagnostic test?
• Which material is appropriate for a semi-rigid functional orthotic shell?
• Which description best captures the direction of the first ray axis?
• The total number of x-rays produced at the tube is controlled by which parameter?
• An individual with bronchial asthma triggered by an allergic reaction is likely to have elevated which white blood cell type?
• Slipped capital femoral epiphysis occurs most commonly in which patient group?
• The stratum granulosum lies just above which layer?
• Which material would be LEAST appropriate for extrinsic posting of functional orthotics?
• A 19-year-old male presents with itchy burning rash on the bottom of the foot, with patchy scaling on an erythematous base in a moccasin distribution. Presumptive diagnosis?
• What is the first step in Basic Life Support?
• Which of the following individuals is generally capable of giving informed consent?
• Which statement about gout is true?
• For a one-year-old patient with calcaneal valgus, acceptable treatment plan?
• Contralateral radiographs can help determine the need for MRI when evaluating which foot structure?
• The four elements of the tort of medical malpractice are
• A triplane radiographic deformity is most consistent with which condition?
• A puncture wound in a patient who received tetanus immunization a year ago: which statement is true about tetanus prophylaxis now?
• Conservative treatment such as shoe modification is typically sufficient to resolve symptoms in tibialis posterior tendon rupture.
• Which casting method allows visualization of the neutral subtalar position from behind?
• A physician refers a patient for Medicare/Medicaid services; the physician is prohibited from referring to a business in which the physician or a family member has a financial interest, according to which law?
• Following lesser digital arthroplasty, the digit should be splinted in which combination of positions? Metatarsophalangeal Proximal Interphalangeal Distal Interphalangeal
• In a 75-year-old patient with bowel incontinence and an infected heel decubitus ulcer, which pathogen is most likely?
• The minimal acceptable treatment for latent ankle diastasis is which of the following?
• Absorbable pins are appropriate for which procedure?
• The female athlete triad is composed of which trio?
• Which statement is true about a fracture of the styloid process of the fifth metatarsal?
• Which of the following is NOT an initial treatment for deep vein thrombosis?
• Generalized subperiosteal bone resorption is characteristic of which condition?
• Which is a CONTRAINDICATION to the resection of a calcaneonavicular coalition?
• In football players, the most common mechanism of metatarsophalangeal dislocation is which motion?
• During gait, which phase features maximal loading of the metatarsophalangeal joints and sesamoids just before heel lift?
• Which imaging modality uses a radioactive tracer to visualize bone metabolism?
• Which opioid is a synthetic agonist related to meperidine and significantly more potent than the others listed?
• Which nerve injury is most likely responsible for numbness along the dorsomedial aspect of digits two and three after dorsal midfoot ganglion excision?
• Which modality allows cross-sectional views using nuclear imaging?
• Which is the only tendon located on the medial side of the foot underneath the sustentaculum tali?
• Radiographic subject contrast is best controlled by manipulation of which exposure factor?
• Which radiographic finding is the hallmark of dominant sagittal plane pronatory compensation?
• Which pattern is typical of Hashimoto's thyroiditis?
• Which finding is most suggestive of child abuse?
• What is the major reason for countersinking?
• Healing of uncomplicated navicular stress fractures typically involves strict nonweightbearing for how long?
• Which type of exercise should be recommended to minimize muscle atrophy in a patient with a short leg cast?
• Which option best describes the imaging modality that uses a radioactive tracer to assess tissue activity?
• Vitamin C deficiency leads to which disease?
• What typically allows waiver of the doctor-patient privilege?
• Erythema nodosum is commonly seen in the latter stages of sarcoidosis. Which statement is true?
• Damage to which nerve during a medial foot surgical approach can cause numbness of the medial sole and great toe?
• Blue nevus is derived from which cell type?
• Three months after resecting a ganglion from the dorsum of the midfoot, a patient presents with persistent numbness along the adjacent sides of the second and third digits. The most likely diagnosis is iatrogenic severance of which nerve?
• Which tissue is most sensitive to ionizing radiation?
• How often should vital signs be monitored following general inhalation anesthesia?
• Which of the following is the most appropriate guideline related to prepping a contaminated area?
• Hemoglobin A1c assessment provides information related to regulation of blood glucose during the previous how many months?
• In a medical malpractice action, the standard of care is defined as?
• Pulmonary emboli most commonly originate from which vascular source?
• Which postoperative dressing is a nonadherent dressing used in immediate wound care?
• Shortly after general anesthesia, a patient is nauseous and treatment is required. Which of the following would be the most appropriate treatment?
• The standard anode-film distance in podiatric radiology usually falls within which range?
• To what degree must a plaintiff prove a claim in a civil lawsuit such as medical malpractice?
• Which footwear is most useful for ankle fusion secondary to trauma?
• For a small displaced avulsion fracture of the lateral malleolus, which fixation technique provides stable fixation?
• Which of the following blood tests measures the coagulation time via the intrinsic pathway?
• Which of the following is not a differential diagnosis for Kaposi's sarcoma?
• Which fixation method is not appropriate for a Salter-Harris type III fracture of the distal tibial physis?
• A doctor may NOT refuse to treat a prospective patient because the patient has which condition?
• In the preoperative assessment of a diabetic patient who becomes disoriented and sweaty after half the AM NPH insulin, which action is most appropriate?
• What is the primary indication for the Evans calcaneal osteotomy with insertion of a bone graft?
• Which statement best describes the typical features of a spinal anesthesia–related headache?
• Which of the following is a seronegative spondyloarthropathy?
• A patient has anterior leg pain with weakness of the anterior compartment graded 3/5. Which nerve is most likely involved?
• Capitation is generally part of which of the following health care delivery systems?
• Inversion ankle sprain with rupture pattern described, which ligaments are ruptured?
• Which condition is commonly associated with osteoporosis?
• In a patient with a deep wound infection after ORIF of a pilon fracture, what should be done with the hardware?
• What is the best treatment for a dermatofibroma on the anterior ankle?
• In a complete Achilles tendon rupture, which tendon can still provide some plantarflexion?
• When performing a Jones tenosuspension, which ancillary procedure must be performed?
• Which statement describes a Salter-Harris Type I fracture?
• When excising a soft-tissue lesion, what is the standard length-to-width ratio for the incision?
• A patient presents with a steppage gait on the right side. Which tendon is most likely ruptured?
• Which tumor is classically associated with night pain relieved by salicylates?
• Which condition may cause delayed relaxation of Achilles tendon reflexes?
• Which ankle fusion technique preserves growth of distal tibial and fibular physes?
• During a McBride bunionectomy performed under local anesthesia, which nerve should not be anesthetized?
• Which medication should not be discontinued in a rheumatoid patient prior to surgery?
• During a Lapidus procedure, which structure should be avoided when exposing the first metatarsocuneiform articulation?
• For an ankle injury with a high fibular fracture and a transverse fracture of the medial malleolus, the Lauge-Hansen classification corresponds to which stage?
• Three days after foot surgery for a first metatarsophalangeal joint injury, the patient develops severe localized edema and drainage with pain on palpation. The most likely diagnosis is
• A podiatric physician reporting child abuse is immune from liability under which condition?
• Which imaging plane divides the body into dorsal and ventral planes in MRI?
• Which of the following is NOT a retractor?
• Following repair of an Achilles tendon rupture, which type of cast should be applied?
• Hypotension during spinal anesthesia is mainly due to which mechanism?
• Which coagulation pattern is most consistent with disseminated intravascular coagulation?
• Which muscle primarily acts as a subtalar joint supinator, counterbalancing the peroneus brevis?
• Osteopetrosis is also known as marble bone disease. Which option names this condition?
• A Salter-Harris Type I fracture is simply a fracture of which structure?
• Which radiographic finding is most consistent with chronic tophaceous gout?
• In a patient with bacterial endocarditis who has no known drug allergies, which antibiotic is recommended for prophylaxis?
• Which statement best describes the primary tissue heating effect of therapeutic ultrasound?
• Which test is the most sensitive blood test for neuromuscular disorders?
• A serpiginous eruption on the dorsal foot that responds to topical thiabendazole is most likely:
• A 21-year-old woman presents with ankle pain after an inversion-dorsiflexion injury; which fracture is frequently missed?
• Radiographic changes seen in secondary osteoarthritis typically include which of the following?
• Two days after a 2-hour calcaneal osteomyelitis surgery in a patient with stroke and nasogastric tube feeding, fever and fetid sputum indicate which diagnosis?
• A 33-year-old woman presents with heat intolerance, headaches, excessive sweating, tremor, and diffuse thyroid enlargement with bruit. The most likely diagnosis is?
• A single, nonpruritic vesicle on the dorsum of the third toe with an umbilicated vesicle is most consistent with which diagnosis?
• Which statement correctly describes Salter-Harris Type II fractures?
• The running gait cycle differs from the walking gait cycle in that the runner
• In normal foot development, which bone's ossification center appears last?
• All of the following are true regarding ankylosing spondylitis EXCEPT which?
• What is typically seen on bone scans in multiple myeloma?
• Which condition is associated with an increased incidence of osteosarcoma?
• An inversion stress test with the ankle in a neutral position primarily stresses which ligament?
• Which antibiotic prophylaxis is most appropriate when implant surgery is performed?
• Which statement best describes the purpose of using a long leg cast with the ankle plantarflexed 20 degrees after Achilles tendon repair?
• All of the following findings are consistent with hypothyroidism EXCEPT:
• Twenty-one hours after an Austin bunionectomy under general anesthesia, the patient develops a temperature of 102 degrees Fahrenheit. What is the most likely cause?
• All of the following are clinical signs of anabolic steroid use in young athletes EXCEPT which?
• In a hospitalized patient with deep vein thrombosis, the initial treatment of choice is
• Bence Jones proteins are produced by which cells?
• A discolored streak in the hallux nail starting at the proximal nail fold with a subungual pigmented band is highly suggestive of which diagnosis?
• Which treatment is acceptable for a one-year-old with calcaneal valgus?
• Standards for quality of care by health systems are developed by which organization?
• Which method best minimizes drug interactions in a podiatric patient?
• A 63-year-old man with a three-month history of productive cough and a long smoking history; most likely diagnosis?
• In diaphyseal tibial and fibular fractures, axial load forces causing instability may be dissipated by which fixation mechanism?
• A joint depression calcaneal fracture involving the subtalar joint would be seen with which of the following Bohler's and Gissane's angles?
• Which statement about radiographic osteopenia is true?
• A runner with posteromedial shin splints due to overuse from a structurally long limb would wear pattern on the involved side show which of the following?
• Which statement about the connective-tissue heating effect of ultrasound is true?
• Which of the following conditions could mimic Kaposi's sarcoma?
• In a severe ankle fracture-dislocation with failed closed reduction and vascular compromise, what is the next step?
• A foreign body reaction is most likely to occur with which of the following fixation devices?
• Which melanoma subtype is most likely to present as a flat lesion with radial growth on the trunk?
• Which factor is commonly decreased in osteoporosis, contributing to fracture risk?
• DVT risk after total hip arthroplasty ranges from which interval?
• The inversion ankle stress view is most useful for evaluating injury to the?
• Halothane hepatic necrosis is believed to be immune-mediated due to which mechanism?
• Which statement about therapeutic ultrasound is true?
• The Lapidus procedure corrects hallux valgus by fusing which joint?
• Which joint is fused in the Jones procedure for hammer toe deformity?
• Which local anesthetic is an ester used in regional anesthesia?
• Rowe classifications I through III describe which type of calcaneal fractures?
• Osteoid osteoma on radiographs is typically described as which of the following descriptions?
• In the Young procedure for the tibialis anterior, the tendon remains attached at its insertion and is routed through a groove created in which bone?
• For a Lisfranc injury with a 5 mm diastasis, which treatment is appropriate?
• Proprioception and vibratory sensations are mediated by which spinal pathway?
• A 68-year-old woman undergoes a complex reconstructive rearfoot surgical procedure with general anesthesia without complication. Within 48 hours she develops dyspnea, tachypnea, and a temperature of 101.5°F. What is the most likely diagnosis?
• Before surgery for Addison's disease, which statement is most accurate?
• In Salter-Harris Type III fractures, which fixation method is considered acceptable?
• A triple arthrodesis is performed under general anesthesia with an ankle tourniquet. If the patient’s systolic BP before inflation is 110 mm Hg, how many millimeters above systolic pressure is the tourniquet most appropriately inflated to maintain hemostasis?
• Which is a contraindication to performing a Young tenosuspension flatfoot procedure?
• If radiographs are normal but a stress fracture is suspected, which imaging study is most sensitive?
• In the Heyman, Herndon, Strong procedure, which ligament attachments are left intact to provide stability?
• Which business entity utilizes a gatekeeper to manage an enrolled population to keep members healthy?
• When treating an injury with RICE therapy, the most important parameter is
• In a patient with Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease and weak anterior compartment muscles, which tendon transfer is indicated to improve foot function?
• Which statement about the ossification centers of the foot is NOT correct?
• The peripheral blood cell count in AIDS is best characterized by
• Which os tibiale externum type is typically associated with flatfoot deformity?
• Which complication is not associated with the Keller bunionectomy?
• Emergency treatment of an acute myocardial infarction includes all of the following EXCEPT:
• In a T1-weighted MRI of the foot, which lesion is most likely to have relatively low signal intensity?
• During an adult patient collapse in the podiatric office, the first action should be to:
• Which Salter-Harris fracture has the best prognosis?
• After a flexor-to-extensor tendon transfer for stabilization, what position is required for healing?
• The stratum lucidum is a layer present in the epidermis of which skin type?
• Which agent is associated with drug-induced systemic lupus erythematosus?
• Which test is appropriate for suspected herpes simplex on the foot?
• A 64-year-old man with fissured hyperkeratotic soles; KOH shows hyphae; which type of cream is most appropriate?
• Which radiographic feature is most characteristic of congestive heart failure on a PA chest radiograph?
• Which of the following is a mandate of state health departments?
• Which standard pedal radiographic view least clearly visualizes the third cuneiform bone?
• Os tibiale externum refers to an accessory bone located near which structure?
• The proliferative phase of wound healing is characterized by
• Which radiographic feature description corresponds to Mönckeberg's arteriosclerosis pattern?
• The talocalcaneal angle is measured on which radiographic view?
• What is the most common benign bone tumor?
• Which statement correctly describes the relationship between prothrombin time and warfarin therapy?
• During the inflammatory phase of wound healing, which event is most characteristic?
• Which disease is associated with pes cavus due to increased spasticity of the fibularis (peroneus) longus?
• Vertical talus presents with which radiographic change?
• To modify the Austin osteotomy to produce shortening and plantarflexion of the capital fragment, how must the osteotomy be angulated?
• Which metatarsal head is affected in Freiberg's infarction?
• The initial treatment of choice for reflex sympathetic dystrophy in the lower extremity is which of the following?
• Which statement best reflects normal calcaneal apophysis development in children?
• Which oral antibiotic combination would offer the best overall coverage for gram-positive, gram-negative, and anaerobic infections?
• Which feature is commonly associated with basal cell carcinoma on sun-exposed skin?
• Eight weeks after a fracture through the neck of the talus, which finding indicates intact vascular supply?
• An adolescent heel pain with irregular calcaneal apophysis appearance but no symptoms most likely represents which finding?
• Which therapy would NOT be appropriate for a patient with posterior tibial tendinitis?
• A town has a population of 500,000 in a given year. There are 500 live births and 100 deaths under age 1. What is the infant mortality rate per 1,000 live births?
• ST elevations in II, III, and aVF indicate infarction of which wall?
• After surgical excision of a ganglion at the base of the first metatarsal medially, anesthesia along the medial foot up to the first metatarsal head indicates involvement of which nerve?
• Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis given a pronated foot and navicular tuberosity tenderness with activity-related pain?
• Avulsion fracture of the anterior process of the calcaneus is associated with which ligament?
• A 3º forefoot valgus with a negative cast showing 10º forefoot valgus was casted functionally. The most likely cause is:
• The fifth toe can clearly be seen in all standard radiographic views except which?
• What are the two basic requirements for primary bone healing?
• Which of the following procedures is not an appropriate treatment of a dog bite on the foot which occurred eight hours ago? (negative format)
• A 23-year-old man requires lower-extremity surgery with a thigh tourniquet after recently eating a large meal. Which anesthesia is most appropriate to provide surgical anesthesia and minimize aspiration risk?
• Osteophytosis in the described foot condition is observed at which location of the talus?
• Excision with pathological examination is often indicated for a dermatofibroma to differentiate from
• All of the following techniques will improve the stability of a unilateral external fixator EXCEPT
• Which tendon is most commonly transferred through the interosseous membrane to function as a dorsiflexor of the foot?
• Following removal of the proximal phalanx of the fifth digit, what is an appropriate surgical procedure for prevention of fifth digit flailing?
• In a 24-hour-old inversion ankle sprain with rupture of the lateral collateral ligaments, what is the initial treatment?
• What is the usual mechanism of injury in football turf-toe injuries to the first metatarsophalangeal joint complex?
• The dynamic compression plate is most suitable as a solitary fixation device for which of the following fractures?
• Salter-Harris type IV fracture extends through which structures?
• Which intrinsic muscle belly is present in the first interspace of the foot?
• Hepatitis B infection onset is typically:
• Injury to the deep fibular (peroneal) nerve would most directly affect which foot movement?
• Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare infection is a common infection in people with which condition?
• Which procedure is appropriate for correction of hallux limitus deformity?
• A 58-year-old female with a septic ankle joint due to Staphylococcus aureus requires anesthesia. Which option would be CONTRAINDICATED?
• All of the following signs would indicate hydrocodone abuse EXCEPT
• Which opioid has the shortest half-life?
• The inflammatory phase of wound healing lasts approximately which of the following timeframes?
• The risk increased most after hip and knee joint replacement is which of the following?
• In pantalar arthrodesis, which construct is least effective for compression across the ankle and subtalar joints?
• The Hardcastle classification system was developed for classifying which injuries?
• In closed-chain kinetics, which statement best describes the effect of internal rotation of the leg on the subtalar joint?
• Which test is most helpful in determining skin flap viability after a crush injury with negative radiographs?
• In Lisfranc injuries, the dorsal ligaments are more likely to rupture than plantar ligaments. Which statement is true?
• In addition to gloves, OSHA-designated personal protective equipment includes which items?
• Preventing the receipt of financial benefit for referrals for healthcare services is the purpose of which Act?
• Damage to which muscle during second interspace neuroma surgery would result in medial deviation of the second toe?
• What is the initial imaging modality for suspected Salter-Harris fractures in children?
• Which diagnostic modality would be best for confirming the diagnosis of a ruptured tibialis posterior tendon?
• For pantalar arthrodesis, which fixation method is least effective in providing compression across the ankle and subtalar joints?
• In the Hardcastle classification for Lisfranc injuries, which injury is homolateral?
• Which statement best explains why excision of hallucal sesamoids affects propulsion?
• A diagnostic test with high specificity is most useful for which purpose?
• In planning for brachymetatarsia lengthening, which structure most commonly limits the maximum achievable length?
• In a Lisfranc fracture of the midfoot, the most common displacement is in which direction?
• A two-and-one-half-year-old has been under treatment for unilateral metatarsus adductus. The radiographs show a metatarsus adductus angle of 25 degrees. What is the indicated treatment?
• The mechanism of action of dantrolene in the treatment of malignant hyperthermia is to
• Which statement about lower extremity reflexes in multiple sclerosis is most accurate?
• Which local anesthetic should be used on a patient with cirrhosis of the liver?
• Stage 4 adult acquired flatfoot deformity involves the posterior tibial tendon and which of the following structures?
• When performing a dorsal wedge osteotomy at the base of the third metatarsal, which interosseous muscle belly is first seen between the second and third metatarsals?
• Cerebral palsy is best defined as which of the following?
• How is chronic peroneus longus rupture resulting in a dorsiflexed and inverted foot best treated?
• A custom molded shoe is the primary treatment option for which condition?
• A 37-year-old White patient presents with a hyperpigmented back lesion; biopsy shows radial growth and melanocytic proliferation. The most appropriate diagnosis is:
• Serial casting is likely to be successful in the treatment of all of the following EXCEPT
• Which material is absorbable and may cause a foreign body reaction due to biodegradation?
• Tillaux fracture phrase?
• In a patient with a hyperkeratotic lesion beneath the third metatarsal head and a contracted third toe, what is the procedure of choice?
• If a skin incision is made directly over a tendon, there is an increased risk of
• The quadriceps tendon and patellar reflex are primarily mediated by which nerve?
• During a seizure, the greatest immediate risk is
• The appropriate treatment for the lesion described in the previous question is what?
• Polycythemia vera increases the risk of thrombotic events due to intravascular hyperviscosity and abnormal platelets; which of the following thrombotic events is most associated with this condition?
• Hand-foot-and-mouth disease is caused by which virus?
• Tillaux fracture phrase?
• In rheumatoid arthritis, subluxation is most commonly seen at which cervical levels?
• Multiple sclerosis is primarily diagnosed by which of the following?
• Somatization disorder is characterized by all of the following EXCEPT which?
• Which instrument has strong, heavily constructed opposing jaws, each of which is scooped out like the tip of a curette?
• In uncompensated rearfoot varus, the subtalar joint axis shifts and the foot tends to assume which position?
• Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare is most commonly seen in association with which condition?
• A 60-year-old patient with markedly elevated blood pressure preoperatively should be managed how with respect to proceeding with surgery?
• According to the Berndt-Harty talar dome fracture classification system, a detached fragment without displacement would be classified into what stage?
• Which test is essential to confirm fungal infection before griseofulvin therapy?
• A patient presents with an inversion ankle sprain. Stress inversion radiographs reveal a 15 degree difference between the symptomatic and asymptomatic ankle. A peroneal tenogram reveals contrast media within the ankle joint and extravasation anterior, lateral, and distal to the lateral malleolus. These findings are consistent with rupture of the:
• Which padding is used to mechanically dorsiflex and extend the digits in moderate toe contractures?
• Which nail change is characteristic of lichen planus?
• The anterior process of the calcaneus elongates to communicate with the navicular in which tarsal coalition?
• Salter-Harris Type II fractures involve which zones?
• Which two measurements are used to evaluate Haglund's deformity?
• Which intravenous agent has strong sympathomimetic properties and can cause clinically significant arrhythmias?
• Generalized osteopenia on radiographs is a characteristic feature of osteoporosis; however, it cannot be used as the only diagnostic criterion. Which condition does this describe?
• A 32-year-old woman presents with sudden onset weakness in both legs, causing falls. She has an intention tremor, diplopia, and decreased vibratory and position sense, with a prior episode resolved spontaneously about two years ago. Which presumptive diagnosis best fits this presentation?
• In congenital vertical talus, the navicular is dislocated and articulates with the dorsal aspect of the talar neck. Which statement is true?
• In surgical prophylaxis for implant surgery, which class of antibiotics is most effective against Staphylococcus aureus?
• A 32-year-old female with slowly enlarging multinodular mass beneath the flexor surface of the great toe and marginal bone erosion. What is the most likely diagnosis?
• Osteophytosis is observed at the level of which part of the talus in the described foot condition?
• In a nursing home population, 200 residents have 12 new cases of onychomycosis in year 1, and 5 new cases occur in year 2. What is the incidence rate for year 2?
• Which statement best defines a sesamoid bone?
• The Harris-Beath projection is taken at what angle from the long axis of the foot?
• In the early evaluation of a pigmented lesion with suspicion for melanoma, which feature is not typically present in early stages?
• The lag principle in orthopedic fixation refers to which mechanism?
• A 60-year-old male suddenly begins complaining of a 'crushing' sensation in his chest. What should you administer to this patient?
• Which mechanism most commonly causes anterior process fractures of the calcaneus?
• Salter-Harris type II fracture extends through which elements?
• The hinge axis concept is useful when planning which of the following procedures?
• Molluscum contagiosum lesions are typically described as which type of cutaneous lesion?
• Which option best describes the appropriate management before invasive podiatric surgery in a patient with a suspected valvular heart disease and infection?
• Chronic bronchitis is defined by a productive cough lasting for at least how many months?
• Osteopoikilosis is best described as which of the following?
• Which muscle does not cross the knee joint?
• Which is the most common cause of heel pain in athletes?
• In evaluating medial ankle/foot pain with suspected soft tissue and osseous involvement, which imaging modality best visualizes ligaments and tendons?
• The patellar reflex is largely mediated by which nerve roots?
• A patient with a 21-year history of poorly controlled diabetes shows proprioceptive loss on neurosensory exam. Which finding would most likely be present?
• CK is typically measured in which specimen to assess muscle disorders?
• Ultrasound therapy is used to treat which condition?
• An increased risk of deep vein thrombosis is associated with which condition?
• During preoperative planning for a patient on chronic prednisone undergoing major surgery, what adjustment is advisable to mitigate risk of perioperative adrenal insufficiency?
• A patient presents with a brachymetatarsia on the fourth metatarsal right foot. What is the limiting factor when considering the maximum length that may be added to the metatarsal?
• Which statement about the Lapidus procedure is true?
• The normal value for the talocalcaneal angle is 20 to 40 degrees. A value of 10 degrees would be indicative of which foot position?